保育與休閒部 保育。保護。享受。
保育與休閒部 
目錄雲杉樹林
這群組的社區特徵是針葉樹林和混合森林，其主要是紅雲杉（Picea rubens）或弗雷澤冷杉（Abies fraseri）。類似的森林出現在從西弗吉尼亞州南到北卡羅萊納州西部和田納西東部的阿帕拉奇群島。
Fraser fir forests reach their northern range limit in southwestern Virginia, where they are confined to elevations above 1,700 m (5,400 ft) on Mount Rogers in Grayson and Smyth Counties. Habitats are characterized by extremely acidic, organic-rich soils; cold microclimates; high rainfall; frequent fogs; and lush bryophyte cover. Understory layers are sparse, while mountain wood fern (Dryopteris campyloptera) and mountain wood-sorrel (Oxalis montana) dominate a relatively dense herb layer. Near the lower elevation limits, mixtures of Fraser fir and red spruce are characteristic. Fraser fir-dominated vegetation is seriously threatened by air pollution and destruction of fir stands by the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), an introduced insect pest.
Red spruce (Picea rubens) forests similar in composition to those of the North Carolina and Tennessee high mountains are restricted to high-elevation slopes and summits of the Southern Blue Ridge (> 1,300 m [4,300 ft]) in Grayson, Smyth, and Washington Counties and Clinch Mountain (> 1,400 m [4,600 ft]) in Russell and Tazewell Counties. Environmental conditions are similar to those of the Fraser fir forests. Southern mountain-cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum) and hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides) are prevalent shrubs in the typical stands of these communities. A rarer community type features overwhelming shrub dominance by evergreen rhododendrons (Rhododendron maximum and Rhododendron catawbiense). Yellow blue-bead lily (Clintonia borealis), mountain wood fern (Dryopteris campyloptera), mountain wood-sorrel (Oxalis montana), shining clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), and Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) are abundant herbs rooting in the thick moss cover. As lower elevation limits are approached, co-dominance by hardwoods, particularly yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), increases.
Red spruce forests and spruce-hardwood mixtures also occur locally at high elevations of Allegheny Mountain (above 1,100 m [3,600 ft]) and Jack Mountain (above 1,280 m [4,200 ft]) in Highland County, but differ considerably from the Southern Blue Ridge and Clinch Mountain stands. At least two compositional variants, associated with submesic ridge crests and mesic stream-head valleys, are present on Allegheny Mountain. Distinctly southern species are nearly lacking from these forests, while northern species such as late lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), stiff ground-pine (Spinulum annotinum), prickly tree-clubmoss (Dendrolycopodium dendroideum), and staghorn clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum), are abundant.
由於其地理和海拔範圍有限，這個生態群組中的所有社區類型都被認為在全球稀有。紅雲杉森林為北方飛松鼠（Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus）提供弗吉尼亞州唯一可行的棲息地，這是一種聯邦和州列入的瀕危物種。其他與雲杉和冷杉樹林相關的全球或國家重要性的動物包括豬山鼠（ Desmognathus wrighti ）、韋勒山拉（Pleth odon welleri）和州瀕危雪鞋兔（Lepus americanus vir ginianus）。許多北方鳥類，包括北方鋸狀貓頭鷹（ Aegolius acadicus ）、隱士鼠（ Catharus guttat us）、玉蘭雀（ Setophaga 玉 蘭）、金冠王星（ Regulus satrapa ）、紅胸鳥（Sitta canadensis）和冬季鳥（Troglodytes troglodytes）在高海拔樹林繁殖弗吉尼亞
參考文獻：亞當斯（1991），貝利和韋爾（1990），弗萊明和庫林（2001），弗萊明和穆爾黑德（1996），麥克勞林等。（1987），皮爾克（1981），拉文斯基等。（1994），萊因哈特和韋爾（1984），史密斯和尼古拉斯（1999），斯蒂芬森和亞當斯（1984），史蒂文斯（1969）。
© DCR-DNH，加里 ·P· 弗萊明。
下載下面列出的每種社群類型的組成摘要統計資料表。
